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<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <title>6. README_DEVELOPERS</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="vg_basic.css"> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot"> <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Valgrind Documentation"> <link rel="up" href="dist.html" title="Valgrind Distribution Documents"> <link rel="prev" href="dist.readme-missing.html" title="5. README_MISSING_SYSCALL_OR_IOCTL"> <link rel="next" href="dist.readme-packagers.html" title="7. README_PACKAGERS"> </head> <body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"> <div><table class="nav" width="100%" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3" border="0" summary="Navigation header"><tr> <td width="22px" align="center" valign="middle"><a accesskey="p" href="dist.readme-missing.html"><img src="images/prev.png" width="18" height="21" border="0" alt="Prev"></a></td> <td width="25px" align="center" valign="middle"><a accesskey="u" href="dist.html"><img src="images/up.png" width="21" height="18" border="0" alt="Up"></a></td> <td width="31px" align="center" valign="middle"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><img src="images/home.png" width="27" height="20" border="0" alt="Up"></a></td> <th align="center" valign="middle">Valgrind Distribution Documents</th> <td width="22px" align="center" valign="middle"><a accesskey="n" href="dist.readme-packagers.html"><img src="images/next.png" width="18" height="21" border="0" alt="Next"></a></td> </tr></table></div> <div class="chapter"> <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"> <a name="dist.readme-developers"></a>6. README_DEVELOPERS</h1></div></div></div> <div class="literallayout"><p><br> Building and installing it<br> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br> To build/install from the GIT repository or from a distribution<br> tarball, refer to the section with the same name in README.<br> <br> Building Valgrind requires autoconf, GNU make and a suitable C<br> compiler.<br> <br> <br> Building and not installing it<br> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br> To run Valgrind without having to install it, run coregrind/valgrind<br> with the VALGRIND_LIB environment variable set, where <dir> is the root<br> of the source tree (and must be an absolute path). Eg:<br> <br> VALGRIND_LIB=~/grind/head4/.in_place ~/grind/head4/coregrind/valgrind <br> <br> This allows you to compile and run with "make" instead of "make install",<br> saving you time.<br> <br> Or, you can use the 'vg-in-place' script which does that for you.<br> <br> I recommend compiling with "make --quiet" to further reduce the amount of<br> output spewed out during compilation, letting you actually see any errors,<br> warnings, etc.<br> <br> <br> Building a distribution tarball<br> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br> To build a distribution tarball from the valgrind sources:<br> <br> make dist<br> <br> In addition to compiling, linking and packaging everything up, the command<br> will also attempt to build the documentation.<br> <br> If you only want to test whether the generated tarball is complete and runs<br> regression tests successfully, building documentation is not needed.<br> <br> make dist BUILD_ALL_DOCS=no<br> <br> If you insist on building documentation some embarrassing instructions<br> can be found in docs/README.<br> <br> <br> Running the regression tests<br> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br> <br> Running the regression tests requires GNU sed, python 3.9 or later, gdb,<br> and a suitable C++ compiler<br> <br> To build and run all the regression tests, run "make [--quiet] regtest".<br> <br> To run a subset of the regression tests, execute:<br> <br> perl tests/vg_regtest <name><br> <br> where <name> is a directory (all tests within will be run) or a single<br> .vgtest test file, or the name of a program which has a like-named .vgtest<br> file. Eg:<br> <br> perl tests/vg_regtest memcheck<br> perl tests/vg_regtest memcheck/tests/badfree.vgtest<br> perl tests/vg_regtest memcheck/tests/badfree<br> <br> The details of each vgtest run are logged to individual "vgtest.log"<br> files. These are listed, and non-passing tests detailed, in the<br> test-suite-overall.log file. (Token *.trs and test-suite.log files<br> are also created, for emulating automake-style testsuites, as expected<br> by tools such as bunsen.)<br> <br> <br> Running the performance tests<br> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br> To build and run all the performance tests, run "make [--quiet] perf".<br> <br> To run a subset of the performance suite, execute:<br> <br> perl perf/vg_perf <name><br> <br> where <name> is a directory (all tests within will be run) or a single<br> .vgperf test file, or the name of a program which has a like-named .vgperf<br> file. Eg:<br> <br> perl perf/vg_perf perf/<br> perl perf/vg_perf perf/bz2.vgperf<br> perl perf/vg_perf perf/bz2<br> <br> To compare multiple versions of Valgrind, use the --vg= option multiple<br> times. For example, if you have two Valgrinds next to each other, one in<br> trunk1/ and one in trunk2/, from within either trunk1/ or trunk2/ do this to<br> compare them on all the performance tests:<br> <br> perl perf/vg_perf --vg=../trunk1 --vg=../trunk2 perf/<br> <br> Writing regression tests<br> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br> <br> Each tool has a tests directory containing regression tests. There is also<br> the gdbserver_tests directory at the top level. Test directories may have<br> architecture, OS and and architecture-OS sub-directories for tests that are<br> specific to one architecture, OS or both.<br> <br> Once you have written a C or C++ executable that performs the required<br> tests you will have to modify and create several files. The new files that<br> will need adding are<br> (a) a .vgtest file, which controls the test<br> (b) a .stderr.exp file, which is the golden reference for any Valgrind output<br> Note that even if Valgrind doesn't produce any output you will need to<br> create an empty .stderr.exp file.<br> (c) [optional] a .stdout.exp file, the golden reference for any output from the<br> test executable<br> (d) [optional] filter files (see the test directories for examples).<br> <br> Quite often the output will depend on the platform the test is run on.<br> Getting the tests to be 'portable' can require filtering or adding multiple<br> .stderr.exp reference files.<br> <br> If the test only runs under certain conditions like the availability of functions<br> in libc or C++ standard versions you will need to modify configure.ac in the<br> top level directory. See AC_CHECK_FUNCS and the various blocks starting with<br> AC_MSG_CHECKING.<br> <br> In the test directory, modify Makefile.am. Add to EXTRA_DIST the .vgtest,<br> .stderr.exp and .stderr.out files. Add any filters to dist_noinst_SCRIPTS.<br> Add the test executable name to check_PROGRAMS. Try to respect the<br> formatting and alphabetical ordering of the Makefile.am. For simple C files that is<br> sufficient. If you needed to add a feature test to configure.ac then you should<br> use the same condition to add the executable name to check_PROGRAMS. If the<br> executable uses C++ you need to add exename_SOURCES. If the executable needs<br> special compilation or link options, use exename_CFLAGS, exename_CXXFLAGS,<br> exename_LDFLAGS or exename_LDADD. Finally in Makefile.am it's nice not to<br> have any warnings, even if they were done on purpose. See configure.ac<br> and various Makefile.am files for examples of using FLAG_W_*.<br> <br> The vgtest file contains the instructions for running the test. Typically<br> it will contain (with examples in quotes)<br> (a) the name of the test executable: "prog: exename"<br> (b) arguments for the test executable: "args: hello world"<br> (c) arguments for the Valgrind tool: "vgopts: -q"<br> (d) [optional] a check for prerequisites: "prereq: ! ../../tests/os_test darwin"<br> (e) [optional] a filter: "stderr_filter: filter_fdleak"<br> <br> See tests/vg_regtest for a full description of all possible vgtest directives.<br> <br> The easiest way to generate the expected files is to run the test. Create empty<br> files with touch (otherwise the test won't run) then run the test from the<br> top directory using perl and vg_regtest script (as in the "Running the<br> regression tests" section. Then copy "tool/tests/newtest.stderr.out" to<br> "tool/tests/newtest.stderr.exp". It is better to generate the .stdout.exp<br> file directly from the testcase. You can do that by redirecting stdout to<br> the expected file, for instance (in the test directory)<br> ./newtest arg1 arg2 > newtest.stdout.exp<br> This is not always possible - sometimes there are tests that depend on the use<br> of client requests or have imperfect emulation of opcodes.<br> Make sure that the test runs and passes.<br> <br> The last file to change is .gitignore in the top directory. Add a new entry,<br> for example "/tool/tests/newtest".<br> <br> Check for mistakes in Makefile.am. In the top directory run<br> make post-regtest-checks<br> <br> You should only see<br> ...checking makefile consistency<br> ...checking header files and include directives<br> and no messages related to EXTRA_DIST.<br> <br> Commit access and try branches<br> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br> To get commit access to the valgrind git repository on sourceware<br> you will have to ask an existing developer and fill in the following<br> form: https://sourceware.org/cgi-bin/pdw/ps_form.cgi<br> <br> Every developer with commit access can use try branches. If you want to try a<br> branch before pushing you can push to a special named try branch as follows: <br> <br> git push origin $BRANCH:users/$USERNAME/try-$BRANCH<br> <br> Where $BRANCH is the branch name and $USERNAME is your user name.<br> <br> You can see the status of the builders here:<br> https://builder.sourceware.org/buildbot/#/builders?tags=valgrind-try<br> <br> The buildbot will also sent the patch author multiple success/failure emails.<br> <br> Afterwards you can delete the branch again:<br> <br> git push origin :users/$USERNAME/try-$BRANCH<br> <br> <br> Debugging Valgrind with GDB<br> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br> To debug the valgrind launcher program (<prefix>/bin/valgrind) just<br> run it under gdb in the normal way.<br> <br> Debugging the main body of the valgrind code (and/or the code for<br> a particular tool) requires a bit more trickery but can be achieved<br> without too much problem by following these steps:<br> <br> (1) Set VALGRIND_LAUNCHER to point to the valgrind executable. Eg:<br> <br> export VALGRIND_LAUNCHER=/usr/local/bin/valgrind<br> <br> or for an uninstalled version in a source directory $DIR:<br> <br> export VALGRIND_LAUNCHER=$DIR/coregrind/valgrind<br> export VALGRIND_LIB=$DIR/.in_place<br> <br> VALGRIND_LIB is where the default.supp and vgpreload_ libraries<br> are found (which is under /usr/libexec/valgrind for an installed<br> version).<br> <br> (2) Run gdb on the tool executable. Eg:<br> <br> gdb /usr/local/lib/valgrind/lackey-ppc32-linux<br> <br> or<br> <br> gdb $DIR/.in_place/memcheck-x86-linux<br> <br> (3) Do "handle SIGSEGV SIGILL nostop noprint" in GDB to prevent GDB from<br> stopping on a SIGSEGV or SIGILL:<br> <br> (gdb) handle SIGILL SIGSEGV nostop noprint<br> <br> If you are using lldb, then the equivalent command is<br> <br> (lldb) pro hand -p true -s false -n false SIGILL SIGSEGV<br> <br> (4) Set any breakpoints you want and proceed as normal for gdb. The<br> macro VG_(FUNC) is expanded to vgPlain_FUNC, so If you want to set<br> a breakpoint VG_(do_exec_inner), you could do like this in GDB:<br> <br> (gdb) b vgPlain_do_exec_inner<br> <br> Note: This is just an example, for various reasons internal<br> function names might be renamed or optimized out<br> (for example when building with --enable-lto).<br> <br> (5) Run the tool with required options (the --tool option is required<br> for correct setup), e.g.<br> <br> (gdb) run --tool=lackey pwd<br> <br> Steps (1)--(3) can be put in a .gdbinit file, but any directory names must<br> be fully expanded (ie. not an environment variable).<br> <br> A different and possibly easier way is as follows:<br> <br> (1) Run Valgrind as normal, but add the flag --wait-for-gdb=yes. This<br> puts the tool executable into a wait loop soon after it gains<br> control. This delays startup for a few seconds.<br> <br> (2) In a different shell, do "gdb /proc/<pid>/exe <pid>", where<br> <pid> you read from the output printed by (1). This attaches<br> GDB to the tool executable, which should be in the above mentioned<br> wait loop.<br> <br> (3) Do "cont" to continue. After the loop finishes spinning, startup<br> will continue as normal. Note that comment (3) above re passing<br> signals applies here too.<br> <br> The default build of Valgrind uses "-g -O2". This is OK most of the<br> time, but with sophisticated optimization it can be difficult to<br> see the contents of variables. A quick way to get to see function<br> variables is to temporarily add "__attribute__((optnone))" before<br> the function definition and rebuild. Alternatively modify<br> Makefile.all.am and remove -O2 from AM_CFLAGS_BASE. That will<br> require you to reconfigure and rebuild Valgrind.<br> <br> Self-hosting<br> ~~~~~~~~~~~~<br> This section explains:<br> (A) How to configure Valgrind to run under Valgrind.<br> Such a setup is called self hosting, or outer/inner setup.<br> (B) How to run Valgrind regression tests in a 'self-hosting' mode,<br> e.g. to verify Valgrind has no bugs such as memory leaks.<br> (C) How to run Valgrind performance tests in a 'self-hosting' mode,<br> to analyse and optimise the performance of Valgrind and its tools.<br> <br> (A) How to configure Valgrind to run under Valgrind:<br> <br> (1) Check out 2 trees, "Inner" and "Outer". Inner runs the app<br> directly. Outer runs Inner.<br> <br> (2) Configure Inner with --enable-inner and build as usual.<br> <br> (3) Configure Outer normally and build+install as usual.<br> Note: You must use a "make install"-ed valgrind.<br> Do *not* use vg-in-place for the Outer valgrind.<br> <br> (4) Choose a very simple program (date) and try<br> <br> outer/.../bin/valgrind --sim-hints=enable-outer --trace-children=yes \<br> --smc-check=all-non-file \<br> --run-libc-freeres=no --tool=cachegrind -v \<br> inner/.../vg-in-place --vgdb-prefix=./inner --tool=none -v prog<br> <br> If you omit the --trace-children=yes, you'll only monitor Inner's launcher<br> program, not its stage2. Outer needs --run-libc-freeres=no, as otherwise<br> it will try to find and run __libc_freeres in the inner, while libc is not<br> used by the inner. Inner needs --vgdb-prefix=./inner to avoid inner<br> gdbserver colliding with outer gdbserver.<br> Currently, inner does *not* use the client request <br> VALGRIND_DISCARD_TRANSLATIONS for the JITted code or the code patched for<br> translation chaining. So the outer needs --smc-check=all-non-file to<br> detect the modified code.<br> <br> Debugging the whole thing might imply to use up to 3 GDB:<br> * a GDB attached to the Outer valgrind, allowing<br> to examine the state of Outer.<br> * a GDB using Outer gdbserver, allowing to<br> examine the state of Inner.<br> * a GDB using Inner gdbserver, allowing to<br> examine the state of prog.<br> <br> The whole thing is fragile, confusing and slow, but it does work well enough<br> for you to get some useful performance data. Inner has most of<br> its output (ie. those lines beginning with "==<pid>==") prefixed with a '>',<br> which helps a lot. However, when running regression tests in an Outer/Inner<br> setup, this prefix causes the reg test diff to fail. Give <br> --sim-hints=no-inner-prefix to the Inner to disable the production<br> of the prefix in the stdout/stderr output of Inner.<br> <br> The allocators in coregrind/m_mallocfree.c and VEX/priv/main_util.h are<br> annotated with client requests so Memcheck can be used to find leaks<br> and use after free in an Inner Valgrind.<br> <br> The Valgrind "big lock" is annotated with helgrind client requests<br> so Helgrind and DRD can be used to find race conditions in an Inner<br> Valgrind.<br> <br> All this has not been tested much, so don't be surprised if you hit problems.<br> <br> When using self-hosting with an outer Callgrind tool, use '--pop-on-jump'<br> (on the outer). Otherwise, Callgrind has much higher memory requirements. <br> <br> (B) Regression tests in an outer/inner setup:<br> <br> To run all the regression tests with an outer memcheck, do :<br> perl tests/vg_regtest --outer-valgrind=../outer/.../bin/valgrind \<br> --all<br> <br> To run a specific regression tests with an outer memcheck, do:<br> perl tests/vg_regtest --outer-valgrind=../outer/.../bin/valgrind \<br> none/tests/args.vgtest<br> <br> To run regression tests with another outer tool:<br> perl tests/vg_regtest --outer-valgrind=../outer/.../bin/valgrind \<br> --outer-tool=helgrind --all<br> <br> --outer-args allows to give specific arguments to the outer tool,<br> replacing the default one provided by vg_regtest.<br> <br> Note: --outer-valgrind must be a "make install"-ed valgrind.<br> Do *not* use vg-in-place.<br> <br> When an outer valgrind runs an inner valgrind, a regression test<br> produces one additional file <testname>.outer.log which contains the<br> errors detected by the outer valgrind. E.g. for an outer memcheck, it<br> contains the leaks found in the inner, for an outer helgrind or drd,<br> it contains the detected race conditions.<br> <br> The file tests/outer_inner.supp contains suppressions for <br> the irrelevant or benign errors found in the inner.<br> <br> A regression test running in the inner (e.g. memcheck/tests/badrw) will<br> cause the inner to report an error, which is expected and checked<br> as usual when running the regtests in an outer/inner setup.<br> However, the outer will often also observe an error, e.g. a jump<br> using uninitialised data, or a read/write outside the bounds of a heap<br> block. When the outer reports such an error, it will output the<br> inner host stacktrace. To this stacktrace, it will append the<br> stacktrace of the inner guest program. For example, this is an error<br> reported by the outer when the inner runs the badrw regtest:<br> ==8119== Invalid read of size 2<br> ==8119== at 0x7F2EFD7AF: ???<br> ==8119== by 0x7F2C82EAF: ???<br> ==8119== by 0x7F180867F: ???<br> ==8119== by 0x40051D: main (badrw.c:5)<br> ==8119== by 0x7F180867F: ???<br> ==8119== by 0x1BFF: ???<br> ==8119== by 0x3803B7F0: _______VVVVVVVV_appended_inner_guest_stack_VVVVVVVV_______ (m_execontext.c:332)<br> ==8119== by 0x40055C: main (badrw.c:22)<br> ==8119== Address 0x55cd03c is 4 bytes before a block of size 16 alloc'd<br> ==8119== at 0x2804E26D: vgPlain_arena_malloc (m_mallocfree.c:1914)<br> ==8119== by 0x2800BAB4: vgMemCheck_new_block (mc_malloc_wrappers.c:368)<br> ==8119== by 0x2800BC87: vgMemCheck_malloc (mc_malloc_wrappers.c:403)<br> ==8119== by 0x28097EAE: do_client_request (scheduler.c:1861)<br> ==8119== by 0x28097EAE: vgPlain_scheduler (scheduler.c:1425)<br> ==8119== by 0x280A7237: thread_wrapper (syswrap-linux.c:103)<br> ==8119== by 0x280A7237: run_a_thread_NORETURN (syswrap-linux.c:156)<br> ==8119== by 0x3803B7F0: _______VVVVVVVV_appended_inner_guest_stack_VVVVVVVV_______ (m_execontext.c:332)<br> ==8119== by 0x4C294C4: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:298)<br> ==8119== by 0x40051D: main (badrw.c:5)<br> In the above, the first stacktrace starts with the inner host stacktrace,<br> which in this case is some JITted code. Such code sometimes contains IPs<br> that points in the inner guest code (0x40051D: main (badrw.c:5)).<br> After the separator, we have the inner guest stacktrace.<br> The second stacktrace gives the stacktrace where the heap block that was<br> overrun was allocated. We see it was allocated by the inner valgrind<br> in the client arena (first part of the stacktrace). The second part is<br> the guest stacktrace that did the allocation.<br> <br> <br> (C) Performance tests in an outer/inner setup:<br> <br> To run all the performance tests with an outer cachegrind, do :<br> perl perf/vg_perf --outer-valgrind=../outer/.../bin/valgrind perf<br> <br> To run a specific perf test (e.g. bz2) in this setup, do :<br> perl perf/vg_perf --outer-valgrind=../outer/.../bin/valgrind perf/bz2<br> <br> To run all the performance tests with an outer callgrind, do :<br> perl perf/vg_perf --outer-valgrind=../outer/.../bin/valgrind \<br> --outer-tool=callgrind perf<br> <br> Note: --outer-valgrind must be a "make install"-ed valgrind.<br> Do *not* use vg-in-place.<br> <br> To compare the performance of multiple Valgrind versions, do :<br> perl perf/vg_perf --outer-valgrind=../outer/.../bin/valgrind \<br> --outer-tool=callgrind \<br> --vg=../inner_xxxx --vg=../inner_yyyy perf<br> (where inner_xxxx and inner_yyyy are the toplevel directories of<br> the versions to compare).<br> Cachegrind and cg_diff are particularly handy to obtain a delta<br> between the two versions.<br> <br> When the outer tool is callgrind or cachegrind, the following<br> output files will be created for each test:<br> <outertoolname>.out.<inner_valgrind_dir>.<tt>.<perftestname>.<pid><br> <outertoolname>.outer.log.<inner_valgrind_dir>.<tt>.<perftestname>.<pid><br> (where tt is the two letters abbreviation for the inner tool(s) run).<br> <br> For example, the command<br> perl perf/vg_perf \<br> --outer-valgrind=../outer_trunk/install/bin/valgrind \<br> --outer-tool=callgrind \<br> --vg=../inner_tchain --vg=../inner_trunk perf/many-loss-records<br> <br> produces the files<br> callgrind.out.inner_tchain.no.many-loss-records.18465<br> callgrind.outer.log.inner_tchain.no.many-loss-records.18465<br> callgrind.out.inner_tchain.me.many-loss-records.21899<br> callgrind.outer.log.inner_tchain.me.many-loss-records.21899<br> callgrind.out.inner_trunk.no.many-loss-records.21224<br> callgrind.outer.log.inner_trunk.no.many-loss-records.21224<br> callgrind.out.inner_trunk.me.many-loss-records.22916<br> callgrind.outer.log.inner_trunk.me.many-loss-records.22916<br> <br> <br> Printing out problematic blocks<br> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br> If you want to print out a disassembly of a particular block that<br> causes a crash, do the following.<br> <br> Try running with "--vex-guest-chase=no --trace-flags=10000000<br> --trace-notbelow=999999". This should print one line for each block<br> translated, and that includes the address.<br> <br> Then re-run with 999999 changed to the highest bb number shown.<br> This will print the one line per block, and also will print a<br> disassembly of the block in which the fault occurred.<br> <br> <br> Formatting the code with clang-format<br> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br> clang-format is a tool to format C/C++/... code. The root directory of the<br> Valgrind tree contains file .clang-format which is a configuration for this tool<br> and specifies a style for Valgrind. This gives you an option to use<br> clang-format to easily format Valgrind code which you are modifying.<br> <br> The Valgrind codebase is not globally formatted with clang-format. It means<br> that you should not use the tool to format a complete file after making changes<br> in it because that would lead to creating unrelated modifications.<br> <br> The right approach is to format only updated or new code. By using an<br> integration with a text editor, it is possible to reformat arbitrary blocks<br> of code with a single keystroke. Refer to the upstream documentation which<br> describes integration with various editors and IDEs:<br> https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormat.html.<br> <br> </p></div> </div> <div> <br><table class="nav" width="100%" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="2" border="0" summary="Navigation footer"> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="40%" align="left"> <a accesskey="p" href="dist.readme-missing.html"><< 5. README_MISSING_SYSCALL_OR_IOCTL</a> </td> <td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="dist.html">Up</a></td> <td rowspan="2" width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="dist.readme-packagers.html">7. README_PACKAGERS >></a> </td> </tr> <tr><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td></tr> </table> </div> </body> </html>
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